Technology for commercial production of cashew sprouts, a traditional delicacy of Kerala
Keywords:
Cashew Sprouts, Total sugars, protein, fat, phenols, tannin, free amino acids, calcium, iron, pre-soaking, cotyledon emergence.Abstract
Cashew sprouts are highly nutritious and a potential additive to a healthy diet. Experiments were conducted at the Cashew Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Madakkathara, to evaluate the nutritional quality of cashew sprouts and assess the harvest stage on yield and quality of sprouts, and to study the effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination and recovery. The cashew sprouts recorded 2.48 per cent of total sugars, 4.70 g/100g of protein, 17.18 per cent of fat, 3.6 g/100g of free amino acid, 420 mg/100g of phenol, 2.8 mg/100g of tannin, and 22.22 mg/100g of iron and 64.2 mg/100g of calcium. Cotyledon recovery was the highest (62 to 68 %) and at par in all harvest stages except the leaf unfurling stage (51%). Total sugar content increased from 1.9 per cent at the cotyledon emergence stage to 2.3 per cent at the plumule emergence and leaf unfurling stages. Polyphenol content was highest at the cotyledon emergence stage (1.18%), while free amino acids were lowest (2.53 mg/100). The lowest tannin content was recorded in cotyledons harvested at plumule emergence stage (4.54 mg/100g). Cashew nuts pre- soaked for 72 and 96 hours in water gave higher germination percentage of 95.3 and 90.3, respectively. Pre-soaking of cashew nuts for 72 hours and harvesting at the plumule emergence stage resulted in quality cashew sprouts with higher yield (544.10 g 0.2m-2).References
Adhikari, B., Dhungana, S.K., Ali, M.W., Adhikari, A., Kim, I. and Shin, D. 2018. Resveratrol, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant potential of seeds and sprouts of Korean peanuts. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 27: 1275–1284.
Bains, K., Uppal, V. and Kaur, H. 2014. Optimization of germination time and heat treatments for enhanced availability of minerals from leguminous sprouts. J. Food Sci. Technol., 51(5):1016–1020.
Basra, S.M.A., Pannu, I.A. and Afzal, I. 2003. Evaluation of seedling vigor of hydro and matriprimed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 5(2): 121–123.
Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. 1994. Cellular events during germination and seedling growth. Seeds. Springer Nature, pp. 293-343.
Bhardwaj, H.L. and Hamama, A.A. 2007. Yield and nutritional quality of canola sprouts. HortScience, 42(7):1656–1658.
Bruggink, G.T., Ooms, J.J.J. and van der Toornm, P. 1999. Induction of longevity in primed seeds. Seed Sci. Res., 9:49–53.
Ebert, A. 2012. Sprouts, microgreens, and edible flowers: the potential for high value specialty produce in Asia. SEAVEG2012 Regional Symposium, 24-26 January 2012, pp. 216-227.
Ellis, R.H. and Roberts, E.H. 1980. Improved equations for the prediction of seed longevity. Ann. Bot., 45(1): 13-30.
Farooq, M., Basra, S.M.A. and Ahmad, N. 2007. Improving the performance of transplanted rice by seed priming. Plant Growth Regul., 51:129–137.
Gharachorloo, M., Tarzi, B.G. and Baharinia, M. 2013. The effect of germination on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of pulses. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 90(3): 407-411.
Ghavidel, R.A. and Prakash, J. 2007. The impact of germination and dehulling on nutrients, antinutrients, in vitro iron and calcium bioavailability and in vitro starch and protein digestibility of some legume seeds. LWT- Food Sci. Technol., 40: 1292–1299.
Gopinath, P.P., Parsad, R. and Joseph, B. 2020. GRAPES: General R Based Analysis Platform Empowered by Statistics. https://www.coagrapes.com/home.version 1.14.02.
Haddad, P.S., Azar, G.A., Groom. S. and Boivin, M. 2005. Natural health products, modulation of immune function and prevention of chronic diseases. eCAM, 2(4):513–520.
Hamawa, Y., Dona, A., Kanmegne, O.N., Mbaye-Niwah, C., Awono, J.M.D.K. and Mapongmetsem, P.M. 2019. Effect of nut weight and fertilizer dose on the germination and growth of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae) in the Guinean savanna of Cameroon. Afrique Sci., 15(5): 302 – 312.
Laxmi, G., Chaturvedi, N. and Richa, S. 2015. The impact of malting on nutritional composition of foxtail millet, wheat and chickpea. J. Nutr. Food Sci., 5: 407.
Lea, P.J. and Joy, V. 1983. In: Nozzolillo C, Lea PJ, Loewus FA (eds) Phytochemistry, Vol 17. Plenum, New York, pp. 77–109.
Lee, G.B., Park, E.J., Heo, Y., Son, B.G., Choi, Y.W., Lee, Y.J., Park, Y.H., Suh, J.M. and Kang, J.S. 2015. Establish of optimum cultivation temperature for the production of peanut sprouts. J. Environ. Sci. Int., 24: 763–767.
Mandal, R.C. 2000. Cashew Production and Processing Technology. Agrobios (India) Publishers, Ludhiana. pp. 22-31.
Martínez-Villaluenga, C., Kuo, Y.H., Lambein, F., Frias, J. and Vidal-Valverde, C. 2006. Kinetics of free protein amino acids, free non-protein amino acids and trigonelline in soybean (Glycine max L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) sprouts. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 224: 177–186.
Menon, J.S., Asna, A.C., Smitha, M.S., Chacko, I. and Babu, A.2021. Influence of pre-soaking on seed nut germination in commercial cashew soft wood graft nursery in Kerala. J. . Plant Dev. Sci., 13(5): 311-314.
Janmohammadi, M., Dezfuli, P.M. and Sharifzadeh, F. 2008. Seed invigoration techniques to improve germination and early growth of inbred line of maize under salinity and drought stress. Gen. Appl. Plant Physiol., 34(3-4): 215–226.
Nkhata, S.G., Ayua, E., Kamau, E.H., and Shingiro, J. 2018. Fermentation and germination improve nutritional value of cereals and legumes through activation of endogenous enzymes. Food Sci. Nutr., 6:2446–2458.
Oyewole, C.I. and Koffa, K.J. 2010. Effect of storage, size of nut and soaking length on sprout emergence in cashew. Thai J. Agric. Sci., 43(1): 39-45.
Preethi, P. and Shamsudheen, M. 2019. Cashew apple products and cashew sprout. Cashew News, January – June 2019. Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur. p.5.
Ramesh, C.K., Rehman, A., Prabhakar, B.T., Avin, V.B.R. and Rao, A.S J. 2011. Antioxidant potentials in sprouts vs. seeds of Vigna radiata and Macrotyloma uniflorum. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., 01 (07): 99-103.
Randhir, R., Lin, Y-T., Shetty, K. 2004. Phenolics, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in dark germinated fenugreek sprouts in response to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 13 (3):295-307.
Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. 1996. Biochemical Methods. Second Edition. New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi. 240p.
Schofield, P., Mbugua, D.M. and Pell, A.N. 2001. Analysis of condensed tannins: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 91:21–40.
Singh, B., Singh, J.P., Kaur, A. and Singh, N. 2017. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of grain legume seeds: a review. Food Res. Int. 101:1–16.
Suda, M., Watanabe, T., Kobayashi, M. and Matsude, K. 1986. Changes in the starch content and related enzyme activities during the growth of germinating soybeans. Agric. Biol. Chem., 50(12):3195–3196.
Suma, P.F. and Urooj, A. 2011. Influence of germination on bioaccessible iron and calcium in pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum). J. Food Sci. Technol., 51, 976–981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0585-8
Tharanathan, R.N. and Mahadevamma, S. 2003. Grain legumes - a boon to human nutrition. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 14(12): 507-518.
Wahid, A., Noreen, S., Basra, S.M.A., Gelani, S. and Farooq, M .2008. Priming-induced metabolic changes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) achenes improve germination and seedling growth. Bot. Stud., 49:343–350.
Wang, X., Yang, R., Zhou, Y. and Gu, Z. 2016. A comparative transcriptome and proteomics analysis reveals the positive effect of supplementary Ca2 + on soybean sprout yield and nutritional qualities. J. Proteomics, 143(30):161-172.
Xiao, Z., Pan, Y., Wang, C., Li, X., Tian, Z., Kuang, L., Wang, X., Dun, X. and Wang, H. 2022. Multi-Functional Development and Utilization of Rapeseed: Comprehensive Analysis of the Nutritional Value of Rapeseed Sprouts. Foods, 11:778.
Zielin´ski, H., Frias, J., Piskuła, M.K., Kozłowska, H. and Vidal-Valverde, C. 2005. Vitamin B1 and B2, dietary fiber and minerals content of Cruciferae sprouts. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 221:78–83.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright © 2001-11 Kerala Agricultural University. Some rights reserved. This journal and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Kerala Agricultural University and the following terms and conditions apply to their use; Photocopying Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Permission may be sought directly from the Editor, Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture,, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU PO, Thrissur 680 656, Kerala, India. (Phone: +91-487-2438325; Fax +91-487-2371040; E-mail: editor.jta@kau.in. Derivative works Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institution. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products, liability, negligence, or otherwise, or from any use of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.