Endospore-forming phyllosphere bacteria from Amaranthus spp. suppress leaf blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) disease of Amaranthus tricolor L.
Keywords:
Amaranthus spp., Bacillus spp., Endospore-forming bacteria, Leaf blight, Phyllosphere, Rhizoctonia solaniAbstract
Amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) is the most preferred leafy vegetable of Southern India. Leaf blight incited by Rhizoctonia solani is a devastating disease of amaranthus, especially in the popular red leaf varieties. Many phyllosphere microorganisms have been reported for their antagonism against foliar phytopathogens. Endospore-forming phyllosphere bacteria were isolated from Amaranthus spp. by an efficient “two-step” enrichment process and identified them as Bacillus spp. based on morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. Their in vitro antagonistic activity against R. solani was tested by dual culture plate assay and detached leaf assay. All the eight isolates showed in vitro antagonism in the plate assay and suppression of development of disease symptom in the leaf assay. Six isolates with better antagonism were selected for further in vivo studies in a greenhouse experiment. Treatments included foliar spray on leaf blight susceptible red amaranthus variety Arun with cell suspension of bacterial isolates and the recommended fungicide Mancozeb (0.2%), pathogen inoculated control and absolute control. Bacillus sp. AL3 obtained from the red amaranthus variety Arun exhibited 44.5 % disease suppression over the pathogen inoculated control. Foliar spray with the recommended fungicide, mancozeb (0.2%), performed poorly in suppressing the disease compared to foliar application of bacterial cell suspension except for a single strain. This forms the first report of exclusive use of endospore-forming phyllosphere bacteria as biocontrol agents against Rhizoctonia solani.References
Andrews, J.H. 1992. Biological control in the phyllosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 2198-2208.
Anith, K.N., Radhakrishnan, N.V. and Manomohandas, T.P. 2003. Screening of antagonistic bacteria for biological control of nursery wilt of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Microbiol. Res. 158, 91-97.
Anith, K.N., Nysanth, N.S. and Natarajan, C. 2021. Novel and rapid agar plate methods for in vitro assessment of bacterial biocontrol isolates’ antagonism against multiple fungal phytopathogens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13495
Athira, S. and Anith, K.N. 2020. Plant growth promotion and suppression of bacterial wilt incidence in tomato by rhizobacteria, bacterial endophytes and the root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica. Indian Phytopathol. 73, 629-642.
Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M. and Ibnsouda, S.K. 2016. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J. Pharma. Anal. 6, 71-79.
Baker, C.J., Stavely, J.R., Thomas, C.A., Sasser, M. and MacFall, J. S. 1983. Inhibitory effect of Bacillus subtilis on Uromyces phaseoli and on development of rust pustules on bean leaves. Phytopathol. 73, 1148-1152.
Batool, F., Rehman, Y.and Hasnain, S. 2016. Phylloplane associated plant bacteria of commercially superior wheat varieties exhibit superior plant growth promoting abilities. Front. Life Sci. 9, 313-322.
Cappuccino, J.G. and Sherman, N. 1992. Microbiology: A laboratory manual. Benjemin Cummings Publishing Co., CA, USA.
Celine, V.A., Girija, V.K., Sreelathakumary, I. and Vahab, M.A. 2013. Selection of amaranth genotypes for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Int. J. Veg. Sci. 19, 157-163.
Chowdhury, S.P., Dietel, K., Randler, M., Schmid, M., Junge, H., Borriss, R., Hartmann, A. and Grosch, R. 2013. Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 on lettuce growth and health under pathogen pressure and its impact on the rhizosphere bacterial community. PLOS One. 8, 68818.
Chowdhury, S.P., Hartmann, A., Gao, X. and Borriss, R. 2015. Biocontrol mechanism by root-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42., A review. Front. Microbiol. 6, 780.
Dennis, C. and Webster, J. 1971. Antagonistic properties of species groups of Trichoderma III hyphal interaction. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 57, 363-369.
Dubey, G., Kollah, B., Ahirwar, U., Mandal, A., Thakur, J.K., Patra, A.K. and Mohanty, S.R. 2017. Phylloplane bacteria of Jatropha curcas: diversity, metabolic characteristics, and growth-promoting attributes towards vigor of maize seedling. Can. J. Microbiol. 63, 822-833.
Fiddaman, D.J.a and Rossall, S. 1993. The production of antifungal volatiles by Bacillus subtilis. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74, 119-126.
Fira, D., Dimkić, I., Berić, T., Lozo, J. and Stanković, S. 2018. Biological control of plant pathogens by Bacillus species. J. Botechnol. 285, 44-55.
Gokulapalan, C., Reghunath, P., Celine, V.A. and Ramachandran, N. S. 1999. Managing leaf blight on amaranth. Indian Hortic. 44, 33.
Hollensteiner, J., Wemheuer, F., Harting, R., Kolarzyk, A.M., Diaz
Valerio, S.M., Poehlein, A., Brzuszkiewicz, E.B., Nesemann, K., Braus-Stromeyer, S.A., Braus, G.H. and Daniel, R. 2017. Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus weihenstephanensis inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic Verticillium species. Front. Microbiol. 7, 2171.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02171
Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A, Staley,
J.T. and Williams, S.T. 1994. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins Publishers, USA, 754p.
Huang, C.J., Wang, T.K., Chung, S.C. and Chen, C.Y., 2005. Identification of an antifungal chitinase from a potential biocontrol agent, Bacillus cereus 28-9. BMB Rep. 38, 82-88.
Huang, X., Zhang, N., Yong, X., Yang, X. and Shen, Q. 2012. Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani damping-off disease in cucumber with Bacillus pumilus SQR-N43. Microbiol. Res. 167, 135-143.
Huang, X., Yong, X., Zhang, R., Shen, Q and Yang, X. 2013. The supernatant of Bacillus pumilus SQR-N43 has antifungal activity towards Rhizoctonia solani. J. Basic Microbiol. 53, 657-663.
Kloepper, J.W., Ryu, C.M. and Zhang, S.A. 2004. Induced systemic resistance and promotion of plant growth by Bacillus spp. Phytopathol. 94, 1259-1266.
Kollakkodan, N., Anith, K.N. and Nysanth, N.S. 2020. Endophytic bacteria from Piper colubrinum suppress Phytophthora capsici infection in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and improve plant growth in the nursery. Archives Phytopathol. Plant protection, https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2020.1818493.
Kumar, A., Prakash, A. and Johri, B.N. 2011a. Bacillus as PGPR in Crop Ecosystem. Maheshwari D. (eds) Bacteria in Agrobiology: Crop Ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp 37-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18357-7_2
Kumar, K.V.K., Reddy, M.S., Yellareddygari, S.K., Kloepper, J.W., Lawrence, K.S., Zhou, X.G., Sudini, H. and Miller, M.E. 2011b. Evaluation and selection of elite plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for suppression of sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani in a detached leaf bio-assay. Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharma. Technol. 2, 488-495.
Leyns, F., Lambert, B., Joos, H. and Swings, J. 1990. Antifungal bacteria from different crops. In: Hornby, D. (ed.), Biological control of soil borne plant pathogens. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. pp. 437-444.
Lindow, S.E. and Brandl, M.T. 2003. Microbiology of the phyllosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 1875-1883.
Madhaiyan, M., Poonguzhali, S., Sundaram, S.P. and Tongmin, S. 2006. A new insight into foliar applied methanol influencing phylloplane methylotrophic dynamics and growth promotion of cotton (Gossypiumhirsutum L.) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Environ. Exp. Bot. 57, 168-176.
Manjula, K., Singh, S.D. and Kishore, G. K. 2002. Role of Endophytic bacteria in biological control of plant diseases. Annu. Rev. Plant Pathol. 1, 231-252.
Melnick, R.L., Zidack, N.K., Bailey, B.A., Maximova, S.N., Guiltinan, M and Backman, P.A 2008. Bacterial endophytes: Bacillus spp. from annual crops as potential biological control agents of black pod rot of cacao. Biol. Control. 46, 46-56.
Nair, C.B., Anith, K.N. and Sreekumar, J., 2007. Mitigation of growth retardation effect of plant defense activator, acibenzolar-S-methyl, in amaranthus plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23, 1183-1187.
Nair, C.B and Anith, K.N. 2009. Efficacy of acibenzolar-S-methyl and rhizobacteria for the management of foliar blight disease of amaranth. J. Trop. Agric. 47, 43-47.
Nayar, K., Gokulapalan, C. and Nair, M.C. 1996. A new foliar blight of Amaranthus caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Indian Phytopathol. 49, 406-407.
Nysanth, N.S., Meenakumari, K.S., Syriac, E.K. and Beena, R. 2019. Screening of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs for growth enhancement in paddy. Biocatalysis Agric. Biotechnol. 18, 101055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101055
Priest, F.G. and Grigorova, R. 1990. Methods for studying the ecology of endospore forming bacteria. Grigorova, R., Norris, J.R. (Eds) Methods in Microbiology, Academic Press, 22, pp 565-591.
Rajkumar, M., Lee, W.H. and Lee, K.J. 2005. Screening of bacterial antagonists for biological control of Phytophthora blight of pepper. J. Basic Microbiol. 45, 55-63.
Szczech, M. and Shoda, M. 2004. Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia Damping-off of Tomato by Bacillus subtilis Combined with Burkholderia cepacia. J. Phytopathol. 152, 549-556.
Uppala, S., Beena, S., Chapala, M. and Bowen, K.L. 2010. Bioefficacy of endophytes in the management of leaf blight disease of amaranth. Reddy, M.S., et al. (eds) Plant Growth Promotion by Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Agriculture. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, pp. 524-530.
Yashaswini, M.S., Nysanth, N.S. and Anith, K.N. 2021. Endospore-forming endorhizosphere bacteria from Amaranthus spp. improve plant growth and suppress leaf blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) disease of Amaranthus tricolor L. Rhizosphere. 2:100387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2021.100387
Yoshida, S., Hiradate, S., Tsukamoto, T., Hatakeda, K. and Shirata, A. 2001. Antimicrobial activity of culture filtrate of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RC-2 isolated from mulberry leaves. Phytopathol. 91, 181-187.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright © 2001-11 Kerala Agricultural University. Some rights reserved. This journal and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Kerala Agricultural University and the following terms and conditions apply to their use; Photocopying Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Permission may be sought directly from the Editor, Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture,, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU PO, Thrissur 680 656, Kerala, India. (Phone: +91-487-2438325; Fax +91-487-2371040; E-mail: editor.jta@kau.in. Derivative works Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institution. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products, liability, negligence, or otherwise, or from any use of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.